Table 5-2

Table 5-2 lists several important properties of the elements. Data were taken mostly from D. R. Lide, Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999). Atomic weights apply to elements as they exist naturally on earth; values in parentheses are the mass numbers for the longest-lived isotopes. Some uncertainty exists in the last digit of each atomic weight. Specific heats are given for the elements at 25°C and a pressure of 100 kPa. Densities for solids and liquids are given as specific gravities at 20°C unless otherwise indicated by a superscript temperature (in °C); densities for the gaseous elements are given in g/cm³ for the liquids at their boiling points. The ionization energies were taken from http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/IonEnergy/ ionEnergy. html. A PDF version of this table is also available.

Table 5-2. Properties of the elements.

			Melting	Boiling			Ionization	Specific
	Atomic		point	point	Ground-state	Ground	energy	heat
Z Element	weight	Density	(°C)	(°C)	configuration	level	(eV)	(J/g·K)
1 Hydrogen	1.00794	0.0708	–259.34	–252.87	1s	²S_1/2	13.598	14.304
2 Helium	4.002602	0.122	—	–268.93	1s²	¹S₀	24.587	5.193
3 Lithium	6.941	0.534	180.50	1342	1s²2s	²S_1/2	5.392	3.582
4 Beryllium	9.012182	1.848	1287	2471	1s²2s²	¹S₀	9.323	1.825
5 Boron	10.811	2.34	2075	4000	1s²2s² 2p	²P°_1/2	8.298	1.026
6 Carbon	12.0107	1.9–2.3 (graphite)	4492^{10.3 MPa}	3825^b	1s²2s² 2p²	³P₀	11.260	0.709
7 Nitrogen	14.00674	0.808	–210.00	–195.79	1s²2s² 2p³	⁴S°_3/2	14.534	1.040
8 Oxygen	15.9994	1.14	–218.79	–182.95	1s²2s² 2p⁴	³P₂	13.618	0.918
9 Fluorine	18.9984032	1.50	–219.62	–188.12	1s²2s² 2p⁵	²P°_3/2	17.423	0.824
10 Neon	20.1797	1.207	–248.59	–246.08	1s²2s² 2p⁶	¹S₀	21.565	1.030
11 Sodium	22.989770	0.971	97.80	883	[Ne] 3s	²S_1/2	5.139	1.228
12 Magnesium	24.3050	1.738	650	1090	[Ne] 3s²	¹S₀	7.646	1.023
13 Aluminum	26.981538	2.6989	660.32	2519	[Ne] 3s² 3p	²P°_1/2	5.986	0.897
14 Silicon	28.0855	2.33²⁵	1414	3265	[Ne] 3s² 3p²	³P₀	8.152	0.705
15 Phosphorus	30.973761	1.82	44.15	280.5	[Ne] 3s² 3p³	⁴S°_3/2	10.487	0.769
16 Sulfur	32.066	2.07	119.6	444.60	[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴	³P₂	10.360	0.710
17 Chlorine	35.4527	1.56^–33.6	–101.5	–34.04	[Ne] 3s² 3p⁵	²P°_3/2	12.968	0.479
18 Argon	39.948	1.40	–189.35	–185.85	[Ne] 3s² 3p⁶	¹S₀	15.760	0.520
19 Potassium	39.0983	0.862	63.5	759	[Ar] 4s	²S_1/2	4.341	0.757
20 Calcium	40.078	1.55	842	1484	[Ar] 4s²	¹S₀	6.113	0.647
21 Scandium	44.955910	2.989²⁵	1541	2836	[Ar] 3d 4s²	²D_3/2	6.562	0.568
22 Titanium	47.867	4.54	1668	3287	[Ar] 3d² 4s²	³F₂	6.828	0.523
23 Vanadium	50.9415	6.11^18.7	1910	3407	[Ar] 3d³ 4s²	⁴F_3/2	6.746	0.489
24 Chromium	51.9961	7.18–7.20	1907	2671	[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s	⁷S₃	6.766	0.449
25 Manganese	54.938049	7.21–7.44	1246	2061	[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²	⁶S_5/2	7.434	0.479
26 Iron	55.845	7.874	1538	2861	[Ar] 3d⁶ 4s²	⁵D₄	7.902	0.449

			Melting	Boiling					Ionization	Specific
	Atomic		point	point	Ground-state		Ground		energy	heat
Z Element	weight	Density	(°C)	(°C)	configuration		level		(eV)	(J/g·K)
27 Cobalt	58.933200	8.9	1495	2927	[Ar] 3d⁷ 4s²		⁴F_9/2		7.881	0.421
28 Nickel	58.6934	8.902²⁵	1455	2913	[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²		³F₄		7.640	0.444
29 Copper	63.546	8.96	1084.62	2562	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s		²S_1/2		7.726	0.385
30 Zinc	65.39	7.133²⁵	419.53	907	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²		¹S₀		9.394	0.388
31 Gallium	69.723	5.904^29.6	29.76	2204	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p		²P°_1/2		5.999	0.371
32 Germanium	72.61	5.323²⁵	938.25	2833	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²		³P₀		7.899	0.320
33 Arsenic	74.92160	5.73	817^{3.7 MPa}	603^b	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p³		⁴S°_3/2		9.789	0.329
34 Selenium	78.96	4.79	220.5	685	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁴		³P₂		9.752	0.321
35 Bromine	79.904	3.12	–7.2	58.8	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵		²P°_3/2		11.814	0.226
36 Krypton	83.80	2.16	157.38^{73.2 kPa}	–153.22	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶		¹S₀		14.000	0.248
37 Rubidium	85.4678	1.532	39.30	688	[Kr] 5s		²S_1/2		4.177	0.363
38 Strontium	87.62	2.54	777	1382	[Kr] 5s²		¹S₀		5.695	0.301
39 Yttrium	88.90585	4.469²⁵	1522	3345	[Kr] 4d 5s²		²D_3/2		6.217	0.298
40 Zirconium	91.224	6.506	1855	4409	[Kr] 4d² 5s²		³F₂		6.634	0.278
41 Niobium	92.90638	8.57	2477	4744	[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s	⁶D_1/2		6.759		0.265
42 Molybdenum	95.94	10.22	2623	4639	[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s	⁷S₃		7.092		0.251
43 Technetium	(98)	11.50^a	2157	4265	[Kr] 4d⁵ 5s²	⁶S_5/2		7.28		—
44 Ruthenium	101.07	12.41	2334	4150	[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s	⁵F₅		7.360		0.238
45 Rhodium	102.90550	12.41	1964	3695	[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s	⁴F_9/2		7.459		0.243
46 Palladium	106.42	12.02	1554.9	2963	[Kr] 4d¹⁰	¹S₀		8.337		0.246
47 Silver	107.8682	10.50	961.78	2162	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s	²S_1/2		7.576		0.235
48 Cadmium	112.411	8.65	321.07	767	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²	¹S₀		8.994		0.232
49 Indium	114.818	7.31	156.60	2072	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²5p	²P°_1/2		5.786		0.233
50 Tin	118.710	7.31	231.93	2602	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²5p²	³P₀		7.344		0.228
51 Antimony	121.760	6.691	630.73	1587	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²5p³	⁴S°_3/2		8.608		0.207
52 Tellurium	127.60	6.24	449.51	988	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²5p⁴	³P₂		9.010		0.202
53 Iodine	126.90447	4.93	113.7	184.4	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²5p⁵	²P°_3/2		10.451		0.145
54 Xenon	131.29	3.52	–111.79^{81.6 kPa}	–108.12	[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²5p⁶	¹S₀		12.130		0.158

			Melting	Boiling				Ionization	Specific
	Atomic		point	point	Ground-state		Ground	energy	heat
Z Element	weight	Density	(°C)	(°C)	configuration		level	(eV)	(J/g·K)
55 Cesium	132.90545	1.873	28.5	671	[Xe] 6s	²S_1/2		3.894	0.242
56 Barium	137.327	3.5	727	1897	[Xe] 6s²	¹S₀		5.212		0.204
57 Lanthanum	138.9055	6.145²⁵	918	3464	[Xe] 5d 6s²	²D_3/2		5.577		0.195
58 Cerium	140.116	6.770²⁵	798	3443	[Xe] 4f 5d 6s²	¹G°₄		5.539		0.192
59 Praseodymium	140.90765	6.773	931	3520	[Xe] 4f³ 6s²	⁴I°_9/2		5.473		0.193
60 Neodymium	144.24	7.008²⁵	1021	3074	[Xe] 4f⁴ 6s²	⁵I₄		5.525		0.190
61 Promethium	(145)	7.264²⁵	1042	3000	[Xe] 4f⁵ 6s²	⁶H°_5/2		5.582		—
62 Samarium	150.36	7.520²⁵	1074	1794	[Xe] 4f⁶ 6s²	⁷F₀		5.644		0.197
63 Europium	151.964	5.244²⁵	822	1529	[Xe] 4f⁷ 6s²	⁸S°_7/2		5.670		0.182
64 Gadolinium	157.25	7.901²⁵	1313	3273	[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d 6s²	⁹D°₂		6.150		0.236
65 Terbium	158.92534	8.230	1356	3230	[Xe] 4f⁹ 6s²	⁶H°_15/2		5.864		0.182
66 Dysprosium	162.50	8.551²⁵	1412	2567	[Xe] 4f¹⁰ 6s²	⁵I₈		5.939	0.170
67 Holmium	164.93032	8.795²⁵	1474	2700	[Xe] 4f¹¹ 6s²	⁴I°_15/2		6.022	0.165
68 Erbium	167.26	9.066²⁵	1529	2868	[Xe] 4f¹² 6s²	³H₆		6.108	0.168
69 Thulium	168.93421	9.321²⁵	1545	1950	[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²	²F°_7/2		6.184	0.160
70 Ytterbium	173.04	6.966	819	1196	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 6s²	¹S₀		6.254	0.155
71 Lutetium	174.967	9.841²⁵	1663	3402	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d 6s²	²D_3/2		5.426	0.154
72 Hafnium	178.49	13.31	2233	4603	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²	³F₂		6.825	0.144
73 Tantalum	180.9479	16.654	3017	5458	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d³ 6s²	⁴F_3/2		7.550	0.140
74 Tungsten	183.84	19.3	3422	5555	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁴ 6s²	⁵D₀		7.864	0.132
75 Rhenium	186.207	21.02	3186	5596	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁵ 6s²	⁶S_5/2		7.834	0.137
76 Osmium	190.23	22.57	3033	5012	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁶ 6s²	⁵D₄		8.438	0.130
77 Iridium	192.217	22.42¹⁷	2446	4428	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²	⁴F_9/2		8.967	0.131
78 Platinum	195.078	21.45	1768.4	3825	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁹ 6s	³D₃		8.959	0.133
79 Gold	196.96655	~19.3	1064.18	2856	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s	²S_1/2		9.226	0.129
80 Mercury	200.59	13.546	–38.83	356.73	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²	¹S₀		10.438	0.140
81 Thallium	204.3833	11.85	304	1473	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p	²P°_1/2		6.108	0.129
82 Lead	207.2	11.35	327.46	1749	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²	³P₀		7.417	0.129

			Melting	Boiling				Ionization		Specific
	Atomic		point	point	Ground-state	Ground		energy		heat
Z Element	weight	Density	(°C)	(°C)	configuration	level		(eV)		(J/g·K)
83 Bismuth	208.98038	9.747	271.40	1564	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³		⁴S°_3/2		7.286	0.122
84 Polonium	(209)	9.32	254	962	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴		³P₂		8.417 ?	—
85 Astatine	(210)	—	302	—	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁵		²P°_3/2		—	—
86 Radon	(222)	—	–71	–61.7	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶		¹S₀		10.748	0.094
87 Francium	(223)	—	27	—	[Rn] 7s		²S_1/2		4.073	—
88 Radium	(226)	—	700	—	[Rn] 7s²		¹S₀		5.278	—
89 Actinium	(227)	—	1051	3198	[Rn] 6d 7s²		²D_3/2		5.17	0.120
90 Thorium	232.0381	11.72	1750	4788	[Rn] 6d² 7s²		³F₂		6.307	0.113
91 Protactinium	231.03588	15.37^a	1572	—	[Rn]5f²(³H₄) 6d 7s²		(4,³/₂)_11/2		5.89	—
92 Uranium	238.0289	~18.95	1135	4131	[Rn]5f³(⁴I°_9/2) 6d 7s²		(⁹/₂,³/₂)°₆		6.194	0.116
93 Neptunium	(237)	20.25	644	—	[Rn]5f⁴(⁵I₄) 6d 7s²		(4,³/₂)_11/2		6.266	—
94 Plutonium	(244)	19.84²⁵	640	3228	[Rn] 5f⁶ 7s²		⁷F₀		6.026	—
95 Americium	(243)	13.67	1176	2011	[Rn] 5f⁷ 7s²		⁸S°_7/2		5.974	—
96 Curium	(247)	13.51^a	1345	3100	[Rn] 5f⁷ 6d 7s²		⁹D°₂		5.992	—
97 Berkelium	(247)	14 (est.)	1050	—	[Rn] 5f⁹ 7s²		⁶H°_15/2		6.198	—
98 Californium	(251)	—	900	—	[Rn] 5f¹⁰ 7s²		⁵I₈		6.282	—
99 Einsteinium	(252)	—	860	—	[Rn] 5f¹¹ 7s²		⁴I°_15/2		6.42	—
100 Fermium	(257)	—	1527	—	[Rn] 5f¹² 7s²		³H₆		6.50	—
101 Mendelevium	(258)	—	827	—	[Rn] 5f¹³ 7s²		²F°_7/2		6.58	—
102 Nobelium	(259)	—	827	—	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 7s²		¹S₀		6.65	—
103 Lawrencium	(262)	—	1627	—	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 7s² 7p ?		²P°_1/2?		4.9 ?	—
104 Rutherfordium	(261)	—	—	—	[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d² 7s²?		³F₂?		6.0 ?	—
105 Dubnium	(262)	—	—	—	—		—		—	—
106 Seaborgium	(266)	—	—	—	—		—		—	—
107 Bohrium	(264)	—	—	—	—		—		—	—
108 Hassium	(269)	—	—	—	—		—		—	—
109 Meitnerium	(268)	—	—	—	—		—		—	—

^aCalculated ^bSublimes

X-Ray Data Booklet

Section 5.2 Physical Properties of the Elements